Effects of WW1／WW2

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• significance, peacemakingそれぞれへのロジックをしっかり用意するべき
  • (significanceは未完)
• 今だと量が多すぎなので、2 example per pointになるくらいにしたい

Focus

• war effectのsignificanceをevaluateする

• effect to what?

  • society、かな

• Intro

  • Paris Peace Conference from 1919/6/28
    • mainly dominated by UK, France, US
    • although different aims, all had common aim to remove social instability in Europe and bring peace
  • WW2
    • different aims of US and USSR
    • During & After the war: Yalta, Teheran, Postdam

• Territorial Effects

  • WW1
    • US: Pursued “self-determination”
      • included in Wilson’s 14 points, US War Aim from speech in 1918/1
      • breaking up empires
      • AH divided - Austria, Hungary, Czech, etc
      • Ottoman Empire divided
    • France: Weaken Germany
      • Germany loses land
    • WInner gained territories
      • Gained part of Germany and Arab territories
      • (not AH)
    • Italy - terre irredente - promised land from AH
    • PEACEMAKING EXT
      • Success
        • Self-determination
          • more people gaining independence, reducing possible conflicts
      • Failures
        • Doesn’t get terre irredente → anger → rise of Facism → Mussolini takes power
        • Germany humiliation “November criminals” led to rise of facism
          • some German losing independence (not accomplished self-determinaition)
          • Aimed to gain territories back
      • Conclusion
        • The aim of the US to pursue self-determination led to some succcess, but the territorial divisions more significantly caused future conflicts
    • SIGNIFICANCE EXT:
  • WW2
    • US aimed to exclude communist governments from Germany / Japan
    • USSR aimed to create Buffer zone in Europe
    • As a result, divided Korea and Germany
    • • Indochina (France returning)
    • -Japan losing all the territory they had
    • -Soviet Union taking over East Europe
    • PEACEMAKING EXT:
      • Success
        • Buffer zone between USSR and Western nations weakened the tension
      • Failure
        • Caused civil war in Korea
        • Germany division caused tension
          • Ex: {TODO}
      • Conclusion
        • Although buffer zone was success to some extent,
    • SIGNIFICANCE EXT:

• Political impact

  • WW1
    • Every winner’s goal
      • League of Nations
        • included in Wilson’s 14 points, US War Aim from speech in 1918/1
          • to “preserve the peace” and construct collective security
      • Aimed Disarmament (stopping arms race)
        • Treaties
      • Aimed more democracy in Europe
        • Weimar republic, Turkey with elections
    • WWI Germany/Italy
    • PEACEMAKING EXT
      • Success
        • LoN preventing wars
          • Greece vs Bulgaria in 1925, ended by LoN decision
          • Swedish/Finnish conflict
        • Disarmament
        • Democracy: short term success in Germany
      • Failure
        • US, USSR not joining the LoN
          • historian Winter: flaws of limited time caused limited preparation
          • Wilson: couldn’t negotiate with Republicans, led to fail of the LoN
        • Kaiser abdicates → Weimar Republic → Extreme ideologies → Nazis comes to power
          • weak democracy failure for a long term
        • Weakness due to non-militarized LoN
          • Japanese/Italian/German expansion - lack of intervention
            • Abyssinia invasion, Japanese invasion of Manchuria and establishment of manchukuo
          • LoN couldn’t intervene superpowers, only to non-superpowers
      • Conclusion
    • SIGNIFICANCE EXT
      • Pro
        • LoN failures encouraged agression of the Axis
        • Weak democracy helped Nazis to get in power
      • Counter
        • LoN ineffective, insignificant
  • WW2
    • UN established
      • Both agreed for collective security
    • US: Aimed to create allies of democratic nations
      • Ex: West Germany, Japan
    • USSR: Aimed to create allies of communist nations
    • PEACEMAKING EXT:
      • Success
        • Collective security prevented potential conflicts
          • US and USSR both were members, and had military to use force
          • {TODO: Find Historiography}
        • Peace Constitution of Japan prevented military conflicts
      • Failure
        • Both aimed to create their own allies, leading to the division of Grand Alliance and Cold War
      • Conclusion
        • Successfully prevented Germany and Japan to aggress, but did broke the Grand Alliance and caused the Cold War
    • SIGNIFICANCE EXT:

• Economic

  • WW1
    • US Aim: Economic recovery of Germany and free trade
    • UK/France: Reparations
      • ToV: Germany, 30B Dollars
    • PEACEMAKING EXT:

      • Success

      • Failure

        • Heavy reparations contributed to economic crisis, which caused the rise of extreme ideology

      • Conclusion

    • SIGNIFICANCE EXT:

      • Pro

      • Counter

        • Although Hitler claimed that reparations caused economic crisis, it wasn’t really the cause (G.D. was the cause)
          • Historiography見つけられそう
  • WW2
    • US: Aimed to recover Germany and Japan, as well as other Western nations
      • Marshall Plan
    • USSR: Aimed to take reparations and resources from Germany
    • PEACEMAKING EXT:
      • Success
        • US stabilized economy in Europe and Japan
        • instable economy leads to instable world
      • Failure
        • Marshall Plan and exclusion of communists contributed to the breakdown of grand alliance, causing Cold War
          • “dollar imperialism” according to USSR
        • {TODO: Historiography}
      • Conclusion
        • Not really contributed to the peace or conflict, but Marshall Plan affected to some extent.
    • SIGNIFICANCE EXT:
      • Pro
        • Post War economic miracle, helped by US aids and supports
      • Counter

• Conclusion

  • Limited consideration and collaboration on the conference led to failure
    • idealist vs selfish aims
      • idealist lacked consideration
      • selifhs lacked colalboration
    • 現状これがあんまりsupportされていないから、調整したい

? Territorial changes were the most significant effects of war”. With regards to two twentieth-century conflicts, to what extent do you agree with this statement? ? Examine the effects of the peacemaking process that followed two twentieth-century conflicts. ? Examine the reasons for the failure of one peace treaty in the 20th century. ? With reference to one 20th-century war, compare and contrast the political repercussions for two countries

• これイレギュラーだな、怖い

• one warのpolitical限定

• ここまで対策するのは大変だな、最悪頑張れば書ける程度の知識で良いかも

• References

  • Pearson Causes and Effects of 20C p100-
  • 他の教科書も使える
    • ww1 peacemakingなら、move to global war
    • ww2 peacemakingなら、cold warの序盤
  • あと、peacemakingの教科書もある
  • https://docs.google.com/document/d/1M9HdGZ1dnugCJUumcb6OoYIz-Gv1xxHTjhSirSTc5Gw/edit
  • https://issuu.com/cupeducation/docs/9781107613911_public
    • Phase 3で使いたい

Notes

• どれか一つがメインで、それ以外がHowever Pの可能性もある
  • なので、paragraphそれぞれにエッセイ半分以上埋まるくらいの情報量は欲しい
• 多分これもWW1 EuropeとWW2 pacificにした方が良いのかな
• Effect of peacemaking of WW1／WW2とマージした