Causes of WW1／WW2

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• Political and Ideological

  • Similarity: Pan-Slavism and Pan-Germanism
    • Pan-Slavism
      • Serbs in Balkans to unite, under Serbian rule with Russia’s support
      • threatens A-H, interest in Balkan, multi-ethnic
      • Becoming popular, caused Balkan Wars of 1912-13
      • Both LT and ST causes
    • Pan-Germanism
      • Lost territories by ToV
      • Nazi belief: Germany should expand to territories where Germans lived
      • Gradually aggressed, annexed Austria, gained Sudetenland then all Czechoslovakia
    • DIfference: Appeasement or not
      • Serbia and Austria
        • Saw it as a threat, created Albania to go against
        • Tension between Serbia/Russia and A-H, to the Assassination in June 1914
          • Harsh ultimatum to the Serbian government
        • Attempts were done by the UK but failed
        • Ex: International conference of great powers to settle on 7/26 by the UK
          • Rejected by Germany
      • Germany and the UK
        • It was also a threat
        • Germany successfully annexed Austria, gained Czechoslovakia

• Economic

  • Similarity: Economic Growth to Military
    • WW1
      • Due to industrial revolution
      • The UK was leading in 19C, but others started to grow
        • manufacturing output lost to US and Germany in 1913
        • Every country feared of others to grow
          • Source of anxiety, earlier better
        • Lead to military expense
      • Imperialism
    • WW2
      • Economic Growth under Nazi’s aggressive policies
      • 1935 more export than import
      • Enabled rearmament of Germany
        • Direct violation of ToV
    • Same that economic growth lead to militarism
  • Difference
    • WW1
      • Many grew
        • Mainly UK, US and Germany
        • Russia etc grew as well, but elatively small
      • Lead to Arms race

        • # of Dreadnaught

    • WW2
      • Other nations were still in the Great Depression
      • Great powers were appeasing
      • Germany succeeded to reach the level of France/UK

• Territorial

  • Colonialism and Living Space
  • Similarities:
    • Weltpolitik
      • Policy in 1896 by Kaiser Wilhelm II
      • Increase influence and colonies
      • Caused Moroccan Crisis in 1905/11, increased Tension between UK/FR <-> GE
    • Living Space
      • Policy to gain land for Germans to live/food production
      • Germans as master race
      • Caused territorial expansion with pan-Germanism, and conflict with USSR leads to Operation Barbarossa
    • Ambition of territorial expansion often threats other interests, causing tensions
  • Differences:
    • Welpolitiks: German Foreign Minister: “Do not want to put anyone else in the shade, but we too demand our place in the sun”
    • Living space: “Living space for superior race”
    • However, debates exist
      • German historian Fritz Fischer: “result of an aggressive and expansionist German policy
      • Foreign minister quote could be wrong due to its purpose

• 不足している大事なこと
  • Long term
    • ww1
      • industrial revolution (economic)
      • economic need leading to expansionism, (economic cause)
      • Balkanのmultiethinicityと、それがterritorial causesであること
      • Russian aim to gain middeterenians (territorial cause)
      • alliances (political)
        • とくにこれ言及してないのまずいな
      • assasination (intro)
        • これは一言書いておきたい
      • imperialism/militarism (ideological)
    • ww2
      • Facism
      • Great Depression causing many things (economic)
        • これとてもsignificantなので、もうちょい言及すべきだな
        • Nazi growthとか
          • broke “Dawes Plan”
        • US Isolationismとか
      • Appeasement (as political effect)
  • short term
    • ww1
      • assasination
      • july crisis
        • nations tried negotiations but led to diplomatic and militaristic escalations
      • schlieffen plan
        • Germany aimed to invade quickly, which led to shorter negotiation period and outbreak of the war
    • ww2
      • SCRAMCUPの話
      • nazi-soviet nonagression pact
        • with hidden part (dividing polnad)
      • Hoshbach memorandum
        • intentionalist vs structuralist
      • embargo (US to Japan)
      • Sino-Japan War
• もっと根本的な問題
  • Politic/Ideologicalを一緒にしない方が良さそう？
    • weltpolitikとかはpoliticalにも置ける
  • WW2 Japan言及すべきでは
    • different region出るかもしれないので
  • SHort Term causes言及すべきでは
    • 両方問う問題もありえるので